Some time ago, on the topic of avoiding heap contention,
I left an exercise that asked
whether it would be appropriate
to use the current processor number
(as reported by GetCurrentProcessorNumber)
to select which heap to use.
In this case, the answer is no.
While using the current processor would avoid contention at allocation,
it would make contention at deallocation even worse.
Suppose thread 1
is running on processor 1 and allocates some memory.
It allocates it from heap 1.
Later,
thread 2
is running on processor 1 and allocates some memory.
It also allocates it from heap 1.
Time passes,
and the two threads are now running simultaneously,
say one on processor 1 and another on processor 2.
They both go to free the memory, but since you have to free
the memory back to the heap from which it was allocated,
the fact that they are running on separate processors right
now is immaterial.
They both have to free the memory back to heap 1,
and that creates contention.
Okay, so what guidelines can we infer from this analysis?
If you are going to use the current processor as a hint
to avoid contention,
the entire scenario needs to be quick.
If the processor changes while your scenario is running,
then you will have contention if the new thread also tries
to perform that same processor-keyed operation.
In the case of memory allocation,
the memory is allocated, and then used for a while,
possibly a long time,
before finally being freed back to the heap from which
it was allocated.
Since the scenario is a very long one,
using the current processor number as a hint is
going to run into a lot of cases of accidental contention.
On the other hand, if you had a linked list of available
memory blocks,
then using the current processor may be helpful.
Keep a free list per processor.
When it's time to allocate a node, you consult the
free list for the current processor.
And when you want to free a node,
you free it back to the list associated with the
processor doing the free.
Unlinking a node from a linked list and pushing
a node to the front of a linked list are relatively
fast operations,
so the processor is unlikely to change out from
under you.
Of course, if you find that the free list is empty,
then you'll have to go create some new nodes.
Yes, this introduces the risk of contention,
but creating new nodes will be a comparatively slow operation,
so the hope is that
added risk of contention is not noticeable
in practice.
Bonus chatter:
In
the discussion that followed the exercise,
there were a pair apparently contradictory claims:
- The scheduler tries to keep load even across
all processors. - The scheduler tries not to move threads
between processors.
Both are right.
When a thread is ready to be scheduled, the
scheduler will try to put it back on the processor
that it had been running on most recently.
But if that processor is not available,
then the scheduler will move it to another processor.
In other words, the
"try not to move threads between processors" rule
is a final tie-breaker if the scheduler has
multiple processors available to it.
But if the thread becomes ready, and there is
only one available processor,
then the thread will run on that processor.
If the system has decided to shut down a processor
to conserve power,
then the thread will go to a processor that still
has power.