So what is a Windows “critical process” anyway?

I noted some time ago that Task Manager

applies three somewhat arbitrary criteria
for dividing processes
into three categories:
App, Background Process, and Windows Process.
In particular,
a Windows Process is one for which
Is­Process­Critical reports TRUE.

SimonRev
quite rightly

calls out the documentation for being useless due to the fact
that it merely states a tautology.

IsProcessCritical

Determines whether the specified process is considered critical.

BOOL WINAPI IsProcessCritical(

  _In_  HANDLE hProcess,

  _Out_ PBOOL  Critical

);

hProcess [in]
A handle to the process to query.
The process must have been opened with
PROCESS_LIMITED_QUERYINFORMATION
access.

Critical [out]
A pointer to the BOOL value this function
will use to indicate whether the process is considered critical.

Return value:
This routine returns FALSE on failure.
Any other value indicates success.
Call GetLastError to query for the specific error reason on failure.

Great, so we learn that the
Is­Process­Critical
function tells you whether the process is critical.
But nowhere does it say what it means for a process to be critical
or how a process becomes critical in the first place.

A critical process is one that forces a system reboot if it terminates.
(More precisely, it forces a bluescreen error,
which captures a memory dump before rebooting, so that the cause for
termination can be investigated.)

How does a process get itself marked critical?

A few system processes do this on their own.
For example, processes related to enforcing system security do this
so that if one of them crashes, it stops the system immediately
before any more damage can occur.

But most of the time, the way this happens if you create a service
and

set its recovery option
to Restart the Computer.

Bonus chatter:
Wait a second, there are some processes in the
Windows processes list that aren't critical system processes.
Like Console Window Host.
How did they get there?

In addition to putting all critical system processes in the list,
Task Manager also keeps a hard-coded list of processes that it
puts in the
Windows processes list whenever it sees them.
That's why you see things like Console Window Host
and
Desktop Window Manager.
So a more accurate list of what goes into Windows processes is

• 
  A hard-coded list of specific processes, plus
  


• 
  Processes marked as critical.